Should Psychologists Abstain from Involvement in Coercive Interrogations

The issues of whether psychologist should participate in coercive interrogations draw sharply divided opinions among investigators and even the public. Some believe that psychologists are an integral part of the interrogations since they can ensure that the prisoners or detainees are not handled with cruelty. Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Should Psychologists Abstain from Involvement in Coercive Interrogations? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, other people believe that the psychologist participation has the potential of violating the international human rights and the code of conduct of the profession. In this regard, Mark Costanzo, Ellen Gerrity and Brinton Lyke reason that participation of psychologists in interrogations should be banned (Slife, 2010, p. 312). In opposition an intelligence consultant and a psychologist Kirk Hubbard give an argument that banning psychologist from particip ating in interrogations is a restriction of the ways that psychologists can ethically protect the public by providing their support to government intelligences. It is Unethical for Psychologists to Be Involved in Interrogations The major profession organization for psychologist in the US, The American Psychological Association (APA) enforces a number of ethical requirements to the practicing psychologists (Slife, 2010, p. 313). These standards include; The Beneficence and Non-malfeasance Principle that requires the psychologists to try as much as possible â€Å"to do no harm† to the people they deal with and also strive to protect the welfare and human rights of the people they interact with. Besides they are also required to observe and respect tight and dignity of other people. Psychologists are required to respect the worth of every individual. Participation of psychologist in the coerced interrogations is an infringement of the rights of those they are dealing with, and a violation of the code of conduct provide by APA (Slife, 2010, p. 313). Coercion causes metal and physical harm and when excessive torture is used, I can leave long lasting consequences to the victims and the perpetrators of the torture. Advertising Looking for critical writing on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This means the psychologist are involved they fail to observe dignity and rights of people, caring for the welfare of others, professional and social responsibility and lack of integrity or competence (Harris Botticelli, 2010, p. 116). A Ban on Such Interrogations Unnecessary Psychologists are arguably doing a great job benefiting many people in the community and questioning their tactics is uncalled for. Over the decades, the profession of psychology has struggled to distinguish itself as a unique scientific field that is of great importance in the current society playing crucial roles in governance, se curity and military activities (Harris Botticelli, 2010, p. 117). In a world where people cannot easily agree on what is right and what is wrong, the actions that benefit many other people seem to be the better ways of looking at what is good or bad (Harris Botticelli, 2010, p. 116). In the case of threats from terror, Hubbard suggests that the security intelligences are only left with an option of watching what the terrorist do, listen to what they say and how they act, to know their intentions (Slife, 2010, p. 322). Regardless of what the US groups of psychologists think, terrorist mean to harm innocent people and disrupt their way of life. Banning the involvement of the psychologists means that this would restrict their contribution to the protection of the whole society. Besides the psychologists will not be accountable to the society considering they may have failed to prevent an incidence that was preventable (Bersoff, 2008, p. 326). It’s irresponsible to withhold information that can influence potential terrorists to disclose important information just because the code of conduct wants to protect people who do not care about consequences of their actions (Bersoff, 2008, p. 326).Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Should Psychologists Abstain from Involvement in Coercive Interrogations? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Should Psychological Measure Be Utilized During Imminent Danger Of Potential Terror Attacks? Hubbard says yes (Slife, 2010, p. 322). His reason is that it is a positive way that psychologists can contribute to the safety of the society. Besides, this is a question of an individual right and the benefits of safety to a whole society. The ticking bomb situation are real and this is the reason why psychologist need to be allowed to step up to the table and offer alternative ways that are effective in obtaining crucial information when there is immine nt danger of terror attack (Slife, 2010, p. 323). There are a number of real life examples where terror attacks have been intercepted after obtaining crucial information this way. Reference List Bersoff, D. (2008). Ethical Conflicts in Psychology. (4th Ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association Harris, A., Botticelli, S. (2010). First Do No Harm: The Paradoxical Encounters of Psychoanalysis, Warmaking And Resistance.  , London: Taylor Francis Slife, B. (2010). Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Psychological Issues. New York: McGraw-Hill This critical writing on Should Psychologists Abstain from Involvement in Coercive Interrogations? was written and submitted by user Helen F. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Louise Nevelson Sky Cathedral Essays

Louise Nevelson Sky Cathedral Essays Louise Nevelson Sky Cathedral Paper Louise Nevelson Sky Cathedral Paper Essay Topic: Cathedral Kindred Louise Nevelson- Sky Cathedral Presence Survey of World Art The sculptress Louise Nevelson was a towering figure of American modernism. Born in 1899, she came to prominence in the late ‘50s, gaining renown for monochromatic structures built out of discarded wood. Critic Arthur C. Danto wrote, â€Å"There could be no better word for how Nevelson composed her work than bricolage- a French term that means making do with what is at hand. (Danto 2007) Her pieces evolved and expanded in size across the latter 20th century, moving from smaller pieces to wall-sized ones, and the plays of volume therein, between light and mass, generated comparisons to numerous different movements. The following paper will examine these links by discussing Nevelson’s work, Sky Cathedral (1982), in conversation with seven others: the Stela of Mentuwoser (ca. 1955 B. C. ), the Grave Stele of a Little Girl (c. 450-440 B. C. ), the Imperial Procession from the Ara Pacis Augustae (13-9 B. C. ), the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons (ca. A. D. 260-270), Duchamp’s Bicycle Wheel, 1913/1951, MoMA, Mondrian’s Composition (1921), and Pollock’s One (Number 31, 1950). To set up these conversations, it is necessary to locate Nevelson’s significance. Picasso’s pioneering, early 20th century sculpture of accumulation was the foundation of Junk art- an impulse utilizing found objects. Nevelson had started assembling discarded wood in the mid ‘50s (she was then in her early 60s), and doing so linked her to many younger peers. However, Nevelson was not ideologically linked to either. Similarly, Nevelson’s monochrome reliefs invoked sacred and public tableau from centuries earlier. What is centrally different, though, is the lack of single, true perspective- her larger installations invite consideration from a variety of perspectives. To place her in a particular mode or tradition always seems to run up against these tensions. Starting with the Stela of Mentuwoser (Fig. 2), one has a good example. Like Nevelson’s mature works, it is a rontally-oriented relief, and one might go further, taking the Stela’s funerary function as a link to the commanding monochromes- most obviously the blacks. However, Nevelson herself did not use monochromes to connote anything, stating that the association of black and death was basically a Western cultural association and that for her, â€Å"it may mean finish, completeness, maybe eternity. † Moreover, it would betray cultural projection to assume that the Egyptians were attempting abstraction, per se. According to Panofsky The ancient Egyptians, who tried to reproduce things in their rigorously objective appearance, surely thought they were proceeding as naturalistically as possible. The Greek artist, in turn, would have thought of his own works as naturalistic only in comparison to those of the Egyptians. {Panofsky 2000) Krauss, in her essay â€Å"The /Cloud/†, reminds us that, â€Å"The Egyptian relief†¦both enforces a shadowless linearity and is projected as if seen from no vantage at all. (Kraus 1992) By contrast, Nevelson’s Sky Cathedral (Fig. ), even in a 2-D rendering, is replete with nooks and shadows- this invites the changing of position which itself multiples its vantages. The Stela is relatively thin; its funerary purpose makes one recall Alois Riegl’s analysis The Egyptian method of employing a theory of proportions clearly reflects their Kunstwollen [artistic intention or â€Å"the will to form†], directed not toward the variable, bu t toward the constant, not toward the symbolization of the vital present, but toward the realization of a timeless eternity (Riegl 1957) By inviting the viewer to re-engage Sky Cathedral from multiple approaches, Nevelson is clearly trying to achieve something else. Looking next at the Grave Stele of a Little Girl (Fig. 3), one can see not only the formal advancements to which Panofsky gestured in the quote above but also the metaphysical shift from the perspective Riegl described. Although this Stele, too, is connected to death, it is not concerned with the timelessness of the afterlife- it quite strikingly grasps towards a felt instant of its young subject’s life. The poignancy of this girl’s untimely death and the instant of life the Grave Stele captures are both magnified by the weight and constancy of the marble. By contrast, Nevelson achieves something like suppleness in Sky Cathedral by her use of multiple layers and multiple â€Å"new† spaces that emerge from different vantage points. From the Attic Greek to the Augustan age brings one to the Imperial Procession, located on the North frieze of the Ara Pacis Augustae (Fig. 4). The first two sculptures put into conversation with Sky Cathedral were mortuary, but the Imperial Procession is celebratory. The first two are both smaller than four feet, but the Procession is life-sized, so its visual force is thus magnified. Finally, the individuals therein are not idealized types, in contrast to earlier Greek modes of statuary- they naturalistic depictions of many actual people in the line of the Caesars. The Ara Pacis took four years to build, due to its desired scale and quality, and that scale points to a salient evolution from the Greeks to the Romans. Riegl claimed this vector went from what he call[ed] the haptic objectivism of the Greeks- the delineation of the clarity of the object through an appeal to and a stimulation of the tactile associations of the viewer- to the optical objectivism of Roman art, in which the need to set the figure up in space as radically freestanding led to the projection of the rear side of the body and hence the use of the drill to excavate the relief plane. (Riegl 2004) This magnification in both size and realism fascinates, certainly evoking an interest in multiple planes of and vantages on the Procession. But what is notably absent here that exists in Sky Cathedral are the recesses and pockets- the shaping inner spaces that create shadows and enigmas and that are themselves changeable things, as exterior light shifts. The transition from Augustan to late Roman sculpture finds this crucial transition. From contemporaneous perspectives, Late Roman art was judged to have declined from earlier Greco-Roman standards. However, Riegl argued that the development of an â€Å"optical† mode of representation in the late Roman period- manifested, for example, in the play of light and shadow in the deeply cut sarcophagus reliefs- actually prepared the ground for highly spiritualized Christian painting and ultimately for the idealizing and subjective art of modern Europe. (Riegl 2004) The representative piece from this period is the Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons (Fig. 5). This piece returns us to mortuary work, but- distinctly from the preceding three- brings us to the first work that does not concern mundane human beings. Carved in high relief, Dionysos rides a panther and is flanked by four young men personifying the Seasons. Additionally, other mythic figures, such as Mother Earth and a Nereid, finish filling out the sarcophagus. It’s worth noting the concrete links between Riegl’s assertion about the play of light and the rise of the subjective. There is a bridge from mystery as a function of light and shadow (visual play) to mystery as visual and religious idealization; similarly, there is a bridge from mystery as personal reaction to mystery in subjectively experienced art (as opposed to art that necessitates some reaction or stance). The name â€Å"Sky Cathedral† prefaces or prepares someone to experience the piece, and the piece is very evocative, even without any human-type figures. By contrast, the once-maligned techniques evident in the high-relief are not independent of the mythic-narrative elements on it. Of course, the obvious next step is to start putting Sky Cathedral in conversation with sculpture that has risen after the rise of the subjective and that has moved past representation. It’s well worth asking what- aside from Nevelson’s demurring- should make someone separate her from Dada, Surrealism, etc. The first candidate is Duchamp’s altered readymade, Bicycle 1913/1951 (Fig. 6). One might disregard Picasso’s use of found objects, used as often as they were for representational pieces, but why shouldn’t one consider Duchamp and Nevelson kindred spirits? The first answer, in experiential terms, is the brute intellectual force of readymades, compared to Nevelson’s work- the best way to explain that is tor refer to the titular semiological device of Krauss’s â€Å"The /Cloud/. In this essay, Krauss cites Hubert Damisch’s Theorie du /Nuage/, which uses a perspective-viewing machine created by Brunelleschi as a point of departure, first to cite /cloud/ as a marker inserted †¦between those two planes of the perspective apparatus†¦slipped into the construction as though it were measurable†¦but which gave the lie†¦to this†¦possibility of definition†¦Perspective was thus understood from the first to be a matter of arc hitectonics, of a structure built from delimited bodies (Krauss 1992) If, to this grounding of perspective and perception, one can add Breton’s definition of readymades as manufactured objects raised to the dignity of works of art through the choice of the artist, the problem becomes clear. Duchamp’s readymades are goal-oriented works, works that live by the putative volition of the artist; therefore, there is nothing conceptual slipped between the two planes above- everything announces itself. By contrast, at first a physical and then a perceptional level, Nevelson’s work interferes and entices. They do not live â€Å"through the choice of the artist,† but rather through the choices of the investigating viewer. Sky Cathedral operates not as a manifesto or an act of will but as a dynamic, growing system. Furthermore, although Nevelson has had pieces such as White Vertical Water, which recalls Arp’s works, she has never taken on the label, Dadaist. The notions of interference and physicality that were present in Krauss’s essay above move the conversation with Sky Cathedral towards Mondrian’s Composition 1921. The most obvious surface differences are Nevelson’s use of curves and irregular lines and her lack of dogmatism, relative to the proponents of Neoplasticism. However, there are just as obviously very exciting parallels. Mondrian’s grids simultaneously organize and disorient space, and one might make the analogy that his use of color parallels Nevelson’s use of the volumes, the fullnesses of Sky Cathedral. Krauss might assert that this was to be expected, discussing how the influence of phenomenology ushered in early 20th century paintings’ concern with, â€Å"†¦the logical grounds of possibility, for the purely subjective phenomenon of vision itself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and the subsequent ascendance, conceptually, of the grid. Krauss 1992) She goes on to cite Mondrian as the, â€Å"prime figure† in the â€Å"classical period of the modernist grid† (Krauss 1992), and this is entirely reasonable. Mondrian deals with this tension by creating lines without shadows, by using flatness, and by building images straightforwardly, in the mode of objectivism. But if one does not use this strategy to address the phen omenological issues above, the big /cloud/ that slips into the work and sight planes is tactility. Krauss describes the choice as one between, †¦materializing the grid, as when Ellsworth Kelly constructs†¦Colors for a Large Wall†¦Ã¢â‚¬  or between †¦mak[ing] the optical a function of the tactile†¦field of its viewer, that is to say, the succession of those viewing distances the viewer might assume. † (Krauss 1992) It is at this verge, then, that the relationship between Mondrian and Nevelson becomes most provocative- the pure question of sight. Regarding how to engage Nevelson’s work, Danto recalls a term from Hegel To experience an Aufhebung, one must experience something on three levels of consciousness. One must see something is preserved but at the same time that it is negated and that it is transcended. This is the way the mechanics of wood, black and sculpture operate in the experience of Nevelson’s work- or the way she hoped they would operate. (Danto 2007) If Nevelson and Mondrian are antipodes on the spectrum of the phenomenology of vision, it is not surprising that their works are formally antipodal. Danto’s assertion is striking, though, because the physical engagement of Nevelson’s work operates very similarly to that of her final peer. Although Jackson Pollock did not work with found wood, or monochromes, or large reliefs, his work easily triggers the same multivalent observations and interactions that Nevelson’s does. Like her’s, his work generates heightened, shifting, and fragmented awarenesses even as it restructures an apparent totality. The reasons for this are numerous and well-worth examining, especially after an exploration of the fundamental basis of vision. First, Pollock achieves the quality of depth, thus instigating a viewer’s investigation thereof. Whereas Nevelson achieves this quality through physical volumes, arrays of lines, and seeming barrier of monochromes, Pollock does so with line, color and layering. Furthermore, both artists operate within a mode of subjectivity- that is to say, both are creating arenas in which every spectator is playing with and against their own shifting experience of some artwork. To the extent that Danto is correct, to the extent that Nevelson’s (and possibly Pollock’s) works are built to engender Aufhebung experiences, they can do so because of the interplay between shifting perceptual, conceptual, and emotional engagements. Moreover, this space seems open partly because of the aleatory or unconscious impulses within these artists’ processes. This is not to negligate intention in either party’s works- for instance, one quality of Pollock’s opticality is the perception of shadows, despite the absence of (significant) volume- which quality Nevelson’s work obviously generates. Finally though, it’s important to recognize the considerable gulfs between Sky Cathedral and Pollock’s One (Number 31, 1951). There are several qualities which distinguish Nevelson from Pollock and other Abstract Expressionists. There is, in a literal, physical sense, nothing abstract about Nevelson’s work; even though there is nothing representational, per se, her great monochrome masses are amalgams of things that are somewhat recognizable and of regular space. Furthermore, even though Nevelson’s work process cannot be said to have been structured, there was no ideology or impulse towards revealing or expressing a subconscious. Although there are numerous intellectual and personal influences to credit for Nevelson as an artist and thinker, these seven conversations have, hopefully, made clear the uniqueness of Louise Nevelson’s body of work. Bibliography Websites â€Å"Picasso- Biography. † Guggenheim Collection, n. d. guggenheimcollection. org/site/artist_bio_126. html. (accessed May 2, 2010) â€Å"Mondrian- Biography. † Guggenheim Collection, n. d. guggenheimcollection. org/site/artist_bio_112. html. (accessed May 2, 2010) â€Å"Arp- Biography. † Guggenheim Collection, n. d. guggenheimcollection. org/site/artist_bio_8. html. (accessed May 2, 2010) Rapaport, Brooke Kamin. â€Å"The Sculpture of Louise Nevelson:Constructing a Legend. † Jewish Museum (May 2007). thejewishmuseum. org/site/pages/onlinex. php? d=150. (accessed May 2, 2010) Books Adams, Laura Schneider. A History of Western Art. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill, 2008. Barnet, Sylvan. A Short Guide to Writing about Art. New York, NY: Longman, 2005. Danto, Arthur. â€Å"Black, White, Gold: Monochrome and Meaning in the Art of Louise Nevelson. † In The Sculpture of Louise Nevelson:Constructing a Legend, ed. Brooke Kamin Rapaport, pp 39-48. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. Krauss, Rosalind. â€Å"The /Cloud/. † In Agnes Martin, ed. Barbara Haskell, pp 151-165. New York, NY: Whitney Museum of American Art and Harry N. Abrams, 1992. Panofsky, Erwin. Politics and Art Historical Method in the 1930s. New York, NY:Zone Books, 2000. Rapaport, Brooke Kamin. The Sculpture of Louise Nevelson:Constructing a Legend. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2007. Riegl, Alois. Historical Grammar of the Visual Arts. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2004. Riegl, Alois. Meaning in the Visual Arts. New York, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books, 1957. [pic] Fig. 2. Stela of Mentuwoser, ca. 1955 B. C. Limestone, paint, 104. 3 cm x 49. 7 cm x 8. 3 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Reproduced from www. metmuseum. org. (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 3. Grave Stele of a Little Girl, c. 450-440 B. C. Marble, Parian, 80 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Reproduced from www. metmuseum. org (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 6. Marcel Duchamp, Bicycle Wheel 1913/1951, 1951. Metal wheel mounted on painted wood stool, 129. 5cm x 63. 5cm x 41. 9 cm. Museum of Modern Art. Reproduced from www. moma. org. (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 7. Piet Mondrian, Composition, 1921. Oil on canvas. 59. 5cm x 59. 5 cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Reproduced from www. abcgallery. com (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 1. Louise Nevelson, Sky Cathedral, 1982. Painted wood. Smithsonian American Art Museum. Reproduced from rtst. org/ (accessed May 1, 2010). [pic] Fig. 4. Imperial Procession, North wall of the Ara Pacis Augustae (Altar of Augustan Peace), 13-9 B. C. Rome. White Marble. Reproduced from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Ara_Pacis. (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 5. Triumph of Dionysos and the Seasons, ca. 260-270 A. D. Marble, 86. 40cm x 92. 10 x 215. 90cm. Metropolitan Museum of Art. Repr oduced from www. scholarsresource. com (accessed May 1, 2010) [pic] Fig. 8. Jackson Pollock, One (Number 31, 1950), 1950. Oil and enamel paint on canvas, 269. 5 x 530. 8 cm. MoMA. Reproduced from www. moma. org (accessed May 1, 2010)

7 Excel Hacks That Will Make Your Life Easier

7 Excel Hacks That Will Make Your Life Easier A whopping 67% of middle-skill jobs require experience in Excel. Just because you hate numbers and the thought of spreadsheets make you nauseous doesn’t mean you can’t add this valuable skill to your resume with confidence. Here are a few tricks to make you an Excel wizard.  1. ChartsThese are not just for the know-it-all in grade school. Charts are a great way to make your data visual, and a great way to impress the bigwigs. Once you’ve entered your data, simply click Insert Chart  Chart Type   and you’re on your way.2. Conditional FormattingThe possibilities here are endless. Want to show off profit margins? Or efficiency? Simply click Home  Ã‚  Conditional Formatting  Ã‚  Add and make your magic. Low numbers (say those below 70%) or profits under 3% could be set to automatically highlight in red, while excellent numbers could be highlighted in green.3. Quick AnalysisHave a smaller data set? You can skip to the fancy chart and table stage by u sing this tool. Just highlight your data and click on the icon in the bottom right corner of your highlight field to open the Quick Analysis menu.4. AutofillWhy enter the same thing in every row when you can have Excel do it for you? Just type in the datum you need repeated, then click and drag the lower right-hand corner of the cell all the way down the column.5. Power ViewHave a larger data set? Power View can collate and make sense of your data for you, generating visual, interactive reports for you to present directly to the boss. Just click Insert  Ã‚  Reports and start exploring.6. Pivot TablesThey sound really fancy, but they’re super useful. You don’t have to write a single formula, but you can summarize all of your data into impressive and informative tables and lists. Just click Insert  Ã‚  PivotTable, select your data range, use the drop-down menu to select your fields, then make your table!7. VLOOKUPIf you’re working in a database with multiple s heets and tabs, VLOOKUP is a great way to bring them all together and pull coherent information from the entire data set. Under the Formula menu, select VLOOKUP and enter the cell that contains your reference, then the range of cells to pull from, the column number, and either â€Å"true† or â€Å"false.†These few tricks are handy for everyone, but will make you stand out among your colleagues- even if you’re â€Å"bad at numbers.†Once you have these done, step up your game and learn these 7 advanced Excel Tricks. It might even get you a raise or promotion.7 Excel Tricks Thatll Make Your Life a Lot Easier (Especially if Youre Not a Numbers Person)

Visual Literacy in Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

Visual Literacy in Business - Essay Example The Barack Obama â€Å"Hope† poster is trying to sell him as the best president for America. The words used in the poster portray him as a candidate in whom America can find solace and base hopes. However, there is more to the poster than just what meets the eye. In the year 2008, America was facing one of its worst moment. The poster portrayed Obama as what America needed to get back to its feet. He was the hope and source of optimism for a better America. The variety of solid colors used in the poster represented all the races in America. It sold him as being a president who represented all the races equally. Thus, the advert does not focus on the candidate; rather, it targets the feelings of the electorate about optimism and views of multiracialism. ‘’We can do it† poster was trying to sell the idea to women that they could also join the Second World War. However, the poster is acting as a platform to promote feminism. It has a message that communicates to women to arise and shine. They are encouraged to take up the challenging tasks through the message displayed and the use of an image of a woman. Old Spice advertisement is trying to sell the body wash. However, it is interesting because it sends the message that everything is possible when a man uses Old Spice. The man is portrayed to have a good body and wealthy. Every woman desires this type of a person and, therefore, most will buy the product for their men. This form of communication can lead to some ethical issues. They include sexism and feminism, for example, the Old Spice advertisement. It has objectified men and most would struggle to look like the man in it to make them attractive. If it were a female half-naked, it would have lead to a lot of reaction from the public therefore promoting

The philosophy of Leadership Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The philosophy of Leadership - Term Paper Example The scholars look for some extraordinary characteristics and traits essential for the making of leadership. Although the magnitude of these qualities may vary from person to person, as well as from one situation to the other, yet these are essential for turning the individuals the leader of their group, community, society or nation. These qualities include commitment to the mutual cause, loyalty and sincerity to the group, honesty, integrity, courage and benevolence. The scholars are of the opinion that it is essential for a successful leadership that it must be visionary, bold, resolute and determined, which could combat with opposition on the one hand, and can resist the challenges and problems the followers undergo on the other. Consequently, a leader is man of crisis that can successfully steer the ship of the community towards the safe harbors. Consequently, a true leader not only possesses the ability of foreseeing and predicting the situation, but also is in a position to solv e the same by dint of his courage, astuteness and prudence. One of the most imperative differences between leader and followers includes that a follower can display selfishness by placing his personal needs and requirements on priority, but the same could not be observed in the thinking and behavior of a true and dedicated leader, who always strive to take steps for the wellbeing of the entire community or organization. If a leader tries to keep his personal vested interests at priority and neglects the collective interest of his group, team or nation, the followers reject to remain under his command, and appear to be dedicated to replace him with some other person for the growth and development of the entire community. The same can be witnessed in the national and state elections, where the person displaying utmost sincerity and dedication to every stratum of society is elected by the people as president, member parliament or other administrative position. The philosophy of true le aderships takes the leader as person, who is free from ethnic, racial, religious, regional, gender and other prejudices. Hence, a dedicated leader is equally sympathetic, sacrificing and compassionate towards his followers without taking their appearance, color, complexion, gender, socioeconomic position, qualification and sexual orientation etc into account altogether. History and Holy Scriptures are replete with the noble ways adopted by the holy men, who suffered painful trials in order to convey and communicate the sacred message of God to the humanity at large. Actually their steadfastness, iron-will, firmness and care for all people make them as the mentors, preachers and spiritual leaders of their people. The holy prophets and saints loved and interacted with the downtrodden people of society, and never looked down upon the poor, needy, disabled and paupers even. Their

Descriptive Statistics Commentary Essay Example for Free

Descriptive Statistics Commentary Essay In Condition A, participants were told to look at a list of words whilst listening to music, they were then asked to match the pairs with the music turned off. In Condition B the music was kept on whilst participants were matching the pairs.  The mean average for Condition A is 4.8 pairs whilst the mean average for Condition B is 4.15 pairs.  The median average for Condition A is 4.5 pairs compared to Condition B that is 3 pairs.  The modal average for Condition A is 4 pairs, whilst the modal average for Condition B is 2. Additional Graphical Description of Results  Descriptive Statistics Commentary  The highest amount of words learnt in my line graph was 11 and the lowest was 0. The graph shows that people who got low recall in Condition A, also got low recall in Condition B. Only one participant got all eleven pairs matched correctly on both conditions. Almost none of the participants got any incorrect and this is shown on the graph.  There is one piece of extreme data on my line graph, where the participant matched all the pairs correctly in each condition. There is also a lot of overlap between the two conditions and this shows that the outcome for each condition was very similar. The difference in each condition is difficult to explain.  Relationship of Results to Hypothesis  My results show that people did not learn more words with music on, in fact they learned less. Only one participant matched all eleven pairs in both conditions. The overall result shows that the music didnt act as a cue as it did not aid learning or recall.  The results do not relate to my hypothesis, as I did not prove that music aids learning. Therefore I must accept my null hypothesis. The averages for both conditions were 4.8 for Condition A and 4.15 for Condition B, this is very close and there is not a significant difference.  Discussion  Validity  In this experiment I manipulated whether or not music was played to the participants. A problem with the experiment is that it lacks in ecological validity. In real life people do not pair words, memory does not work in the same way as an experiment, we do not think in lists. This experiment is trying to look at something that is not true to life. Suggestions for improved validity  Ways of improving validity could be to do a field experiment, do longitudinal studies or to keep a diary case. Participants could learn in a classroom what they have to learn and then sit the exams in the same classroom. This may help them to remember.  A case study would provide insight however you cannot generalize.  A field experiment is good as you can also get rid of demand characteristics but you cannot control extraneous variables and you cannot generalise. Reliability  Experiments are generally reliable because it produces quantitative data and it can be replicated. You can generalise and you can also control extraneous variables.  When the experiment took place participants, copied off each other, they shouted the answers out and there was generally a lot of noise in the room. There were also more girls than boys. Participants didnt want to ask questions about the task, so it is possible that they may not have fully understood what to do, they are responding to demand characteristics. Opportunity sampling is also very limited and I was only allowed to experiment on English classrooms.  Improving Reliability  Having a special room to do the experiment in would help improve reliability. Also maybe getting the participants to take us more seriously would help.  Maybe not giving the participants as long to look at the words would also improve reliability or having a person in authority be present.  Implications  My background information like Tulving and Godden and Baddeley suggest that cues help recall. I used music as a cue in my experiment and that did not appear to help recall. The difference in the two conditions was very narrow. This may indicate that the experiment was wrong in some way. Generalisation of Findings  The experiment was done on 20 17-19 year olds who are studying AS or A2 levels. You cannot generalise to the rest of the population as students are trained to remember as they have been in education since the age of 5.  You could therefore only generalise on 17-19 year olds in full time education. It did not tell us about age or gender.  A sample of 20 is far too small to generalise from, as 20 people cannot account for everyone in the rest of the population.  Application to everyday life  In many situations cues can be very helpful. Students use cues to help them to revise for exams and the examiner can use a stimulus to help the student to remember in exams. E.g. after revising for psychology, students could use Tulvings ideas to create categories of information to make the work more manageable and easier to remember.

Deceit and Dishonesty in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Essay -- Jane Ey

Jane Eyre:   The Theme of Deceit and Dishonesty "'The marriage can not go on: I declare the existence of an impediment'" (306).  Ã‚   Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, is the story of an orphaned girl who is sent to live at Gateshead Hall with Mrs. Reed and her three cousins, whom Jane doesn't get along with. At the age of ten, Mrs. Reed sends Jane away to Lowood Institution, an all girls' school, where she spends the next eight years of her life. At the age of eighteen, Jane leaves Lowood and accepts the position as governess at Thornfield Hall. Mr. Rochester, the owner of Thornfield Hall, and Jane fall madly in love and plan to get married, but little does Jane know, Mr. Rochester has a terrible secret that could ruin Jane's life. Throughout the novel, the theme of deceit and dishonesty results in unhappiness and suffering not only to those being lied to, but also to those people perpetuating the untruths. In the beginning of Jane Eyre, Mrs. Reed tells the owner of Lowood Institution, Mr. Brocklehurst, that Jane has, "'a bad character, a deceitful disposition; and to let everybody at Lowood know what [she] is, and what [she] has done'" (34). Jane already despises Mrs. Reed for treating her so poorly, but now she is infuriated. If Mr. Brocklehurst describes Jane as Mrs. Reed instructs him to do, Jane will never make friends at Lowood because all of the children will fear her. Jane battles back by saying to her aunt, "'I am glad you are no relation of mine. I will never call you aunt again as long as I live. I will never come to see you when I am grown up; and if any one asks me how I liked you, and how you treated me, I will say the very thought of you makes me sick, and that you treated me with miserable cruelty'" (33). Jane... ...ugh in the end Jane and Mr. Rochester do get married, Jane is an emotionally battered character who has to look deep inside of herself to do what is best for her. This happens to people every day. They are hurt by dishonesty and deceitfulness. It can ruin their lives unless they make the commitment to be honest with themselves and those around them. Bibliography Fraser, Rebecca. The Brontes. 1st ed. New York: Crown Publishers, 1988. Bronte, Charlotte. Jane Eyre. 3rd ed. New York: The Modern Library. Bronte, Charlotte. "Charlotte Bronte's Letters". New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 1971. Diedrick, James.   Newman on the Gentleman. http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/hypertext/landow/victorian/vn/victor10.html. Diedrick, James.   Jane Eyre and A Vindication   of the Rights of Woman. http://spider.albion.edu/fac/engl/diedrick/jeyre1.htm.

Statistics Data Driven Decision Making

It is known that there are two data types that are utilized to evaluate and draw meaningful conclusions through statistics, population and sample data. These two data types are utilized to formulate end conclusions of data that is to be collected and data that is to be reviewed. The description of population data can best be explained, as the complete collection of all data that is to be queried/collected and reviewed. Sample data, a subset of population data, is the partial collection and review of all data that is to be queried.The relationship of these two data types is simple; sample data is represented as a reflection of the population data and shares a common goal in this comparison through statistics. This can also either be represented as a part or as a whole of all data being evaluated. However we tend to utilize sample data more often than population data primarily as a result that sample data is utilized to formulate a coherent approach to drawing meaningful conclusions ab out the population.We utilize this through random sampling of population data to gather and make an assumption based on the population. This can kind of draw the conclusion that sample data and population data go hand in hand. As an example if we utilize â€Å"Culture Matters: A Survey Study of Social Q&A Behavior† an article which conducted, in 2009, a social survey of questions and answers based on cultural behaviors, we can come to find relatable data that can be identified through the understanding of sample and population data.An overview of this article notes that sample data was collected from four countries and turned overs responses from 933 people, of the population, who held similar job roles and were employed by a singular organization. This was completed to ascertain an understanding of what motivated an individual’s response to ask and answer questions while accessing a social network site.In this response the United States and the United Kingdom provided data which showed that western countries tend to associate themselves more with an individualistic approach and showed a lower context pattern, while China and India, Asian Cultures, tend to better associate themselves more with a high context pattern, and holistic collectivism. This data shows that the method of random sampling was utilized to ascertain a meaningful understanding of the sample data to formulate an assumption about the population of ones culture within these ountries and the role behind this decision making. As a result we can see that sample data which resulted in 38% UK workers, 41% US, 45% CN, and 50% IN was collected from the resulting population of a 100% of workers from all ethnicity working under a singular work group. This leaves to question the background ethnicity of those individual who did not participate in this survey. In result these statistics were utilized to draw a meaningful conclusion about this data both as a whole and as a sample.

Ambivalant Title of ‘the Demon Lover’ and ‘the Open Window’

Man has always lived in a most deceiving world, and departed from that idea, every self-respecting author wants to make his readers more sensitive to our planet as it stands. In libraries, shelves are overloaded with committed novels, but it is certainly possible to make an issue and to make the audience well-aware of its own naivety by the use of an ambivalent title, as Elizabeth Bowen and Saki have tried to do with their respective short stories ‘The Demon Lover’ and ‘The Open Window’. The first tale yet, ‘The Demon Lover’, shows that it is not that difficult to put one on the wrong track. The title implies that it might be a ghost story, which was still very popular those days, but after a first lecture we can conclude that this is not the case. In spite of the spooky setting – such as the old dusty house in a abandoned neighborhood – and implicit assumptions about the potential presence of a ghost, there are no explicit clues that come up to the reader’s first expectations. Even the suspicious letter on the hall table is not convincing enough; what is more, the fact that no one significant had any key of the house, that there was no stamp on the envelop, that the letter was signed with the first letter of Mrs. Drover’s name and that â€Å"she went to the mirror† (p. 4, l. 27) to see her reflection raises the question whether she did not write it herself. The only demons that occur in the story are those of Mrs. Drover’s past: she is constantly betrayed by nervous twitches as â€Å"an intermittent muscular flicker to the left of her mouth† (p. 4, l. 36), and by the flash-backs to her cold lover in her youth. Incapable to leave her traumas behind, not a single day passes without being haunted by delusions, which is at a low ebb when she mistakes the taxi driver for her formal fiance and she drives completely mad. Delusions could also be found in the other story, ‘The Open Window’. Just like in Bowen’s story, one might be mistaken about the fact that the text deals with paranormal phenomena – for instance the beginning the story that could be interpreted as a ghost story, but â€Å"an undefinable something about the room seemed to suggest masculine habitation† (p. 69, l. 25) shows that there are actually still living there. It starts already with the names of the protagonists: one might think those do not have any significant purpose within the story, but in point of fact, these names are the foundations of he tale. On one hand, Vera’s name could be an ironic prophecy: although it might be a word pun for ‘veracious’, it draws the audience’s attention to be very careful with her treacherous tales. On the other hand, by becoming nuts at the end of the story, Mr. Nuttel wears a very appropriate name. For both of them, the title can have a different meaning: a symbolical for Mr. Nuttel, for whom the fresh air blown into the room represents a new start in life, and a useful one for Vera, who is very keen on deceiving and telling great stories. â€Å"Romance at short notice was her specialty† (p. 70, l. 30)) What is more, because she is a professional manipulator, differences between reality and imagination become slightly invisible, but the open window will open their eyes too, so that they will be forced to think twice. The conclusion is simple: different interpretations ascribed to an ambivalent title do not only broaden one’s horizon, but one could also gain a clear understanding of social standards, human mind and the world in general. And last but not least, it is the perfect way for man to overcome their own naivety.

A Well Balanced Personality is Best for a Politician essays

A Well Balanced Personality is Best for a Politician essays Who can we trust with the welfare of Pennsylvania? I am not sure if it is possible to answer this question. I do not think that humans have a good sense for making these decisions. It seems to me that we allow outside emotions get to us instead of voting based on the issues at hand. Although this is inevitable, we need to have standards. In the upcoming gubernatorial election we need to decide what it takes to prove they are deserving of the title Governor. To help discuss this point I will be considering the two men up for the Democratic slot, Bob Casey Jr. and Ed Rendell. How much charisma, personality, and excitement should each candidate exude to the public? Well, many would say that Ed Rendell has a way to charm a crowd. On the same token does this prove he would be a better Governor than Bob Casey Jr. would? It is imperative to have a good balance of the three above characteristics and right now we are looking at two extremes. I understand why the public is more attracted to Rendell. He is friendly, out-going, and attempts to get down to the average persons level. But lets be honest, is a politician really all that close to the typical Pennsylvanian? I think not. In the article from The Philadelphia Inquirer entitled Rendells two-pair-of-shoes line doesnt match six-figure income by Thomas Fitzgerald touches on this point. We have a politician that has been in the publics eye for quite some time now. I am unable to believe that he does not live a comfortable life. In this article they quoted Rendell as saying, Ive never made any money, and I never will, and it never bothered me. I am sorry to hear that, but I do feel that middle-class Pennsylvania is not found at the $600,000 tax bracket, it is more like $30,000-40,000 (Fitzgerald, 2002). Honestly, get real, I know that Rendell is not on my level, and I am sure that most citizens can gat...

How to Make a Cloud Chamber

How to Make a Cloud Chamber Although you cannot see it, background radiation is all around us. Natural (and harmless) sources of radiation include cosmic rays, radioactive decay from elements in rocks, and even radioactive decay from elements in living organisms. A cloud chamber is a simple device that allows us to see the passage of ionizing radiation. In other words, it allows for indirect observation of radiation. The device is also known as a Wilson cloud chamber, in honor of its inventor, Scottish physicist Charles Thomson Rees Wilson. Discoveries made using a cloud chamber and a related device called a bubble chamber led to the 1932 discovery of the positron, the 1936 discovery of the muon, and the 1947 discovery of the kaon. How a Cloud Chamber Works There are different types of cloud chambers. The diffusion-type cloud chamber is the easiest to construct. Basically, the device consists of a sealed container that is made warm on the top and cold on the bottom. The cloud inside the container is made of alcohol vapor (e.g., methanol, isopropyl alcohol). The warm top part of the chamber vaporizes the alcohol. The vapor cools as it falls and condenses on the cold bottom. The volume between the top and bottom is a cloud of supersaturated vapor. When an energetic charged particle (the radiation) passes through the vapor, it leaves an ionization trail. The alcohol and water molecules in the vapor are polar, so they are attracted to ionized particles. Because the vapor is supersaturated, when the molecules move closer, they condense into misty droplets that fall toward the bottom of the container. The path of the trail can be traced back to the origin of the radiation source. Make a Homemade Cloud Chamber Only a few simple materials are needed to construct a cloud chamber: Clear glass or plastic container with lid99% Isopropyl alcoholDry iceInsulated container (e.g., a foam cooler)Absorbent materialBlack paperVery bright flashlightSmall bowl of warm water A good container might be a large empty peanut butter jar. Isopropyl alcohol is available at most pharmacies as rubbing alcohol. Make sure its 99% alcohol. Methanol also works for this project, but it is much more toxic. The absorbent material could be a sponge or piece of felt. An LED flashlight works well for this project, but you can also use the flashlight on your smartphone. Youll also want your phone handy to take pictures of the tracks in the cloud chamber. Start by stuffing a piece of sponge into the bottom of the jar. You want a snug fit so it wont fall when the jar is inverted later on. If necessary, a bit of clay or gum can help stick the sponge to the jar. Avoid tape or glue, since the alcohol may dissolve it.Cut the black paper to cover the inside of the lid. Black paper eliminates reflection and is slightly absorbent. If the paper doesnt stay in place when the lid is sealed, stick it to the lid using clay or gum. Set the paper-lined lid aside for now.Pour isopropyl alcohol into the jar so that the sponge is completely saturated, but there isnt excess liquid. The easiest way to do this is to add alcohol until there is liquid and then pour the excess out.Seal the lid of the jar.In a room that can be made completely dark (e.g., a closet or bathroom without windows), pour dry ice into a cooler. Turn the jar upside down and place it lid-down onto the dry ice. Give the jar about 10 minutes to chill.Set a small dish of warm water on top of the cloud chamber (onto the bottom of the jar). The warm water heats the alcohol to form a cloud of vapor. Finally, turn off all the lights. Shine a flashlight through the side of the cloud chamber. Youll see visible tracks in the cloud as ionizing radiation enters and leaves the jar. Safety Considerations Even though isopropyl alcohol is safer than methanol, its still toxic if you drink it and its highly flammable. Keep it away from a heat source or open flame.Dry ice is cold enough to cause frostbite on contact. It should be handled using gloves. Also, dont store dry ice in a sealed container, as pressure build-up as the solid sublimates into gas can cause an explosion. Things to Try If you have a radioactive source, place it near the cloud chamber and see the effect of the increased radiation. Some everyday materials are radioactive, such as brazil nuts, bananas, clay kitty litter, and vaseline glass.A cloud chamber offers an excellent opportunity to test methods of shielding against radiation. Place different materials between your radioactive source and the cloud chamber. Examples might include a baggie of water, a piece of paper, your hand, and a sheet of metal. Which is best at shielding against radiation?Try applying a magnetic field to the cloud chamber. Positive and negative charged particles will curve in opposite directions in response to the field. Cloud Chamber Versus Bubble Chamber A bubble chamber is another type of radiation detector based on the same principle as the cloud chamber. The difference is that bubble chambers used superheated liquid rather than supersaturated vapor. A bubble chamber is made by filling a cylinder with a liquid just above its boiling point. The most common liquid is liquid hydrogen. Usually, a magnetic field is applied to the chamber so that ionizing radiation travels in a spiral path according to its speed and charge-to-mass ratio. Bubble chambers may be larger than cloud chambers and can be used to track more energetic particles.

Expanding Service Operations Across Borders Essay

Expanding Service Operations Across Borders - Essay Example The researcher states that triumph of the company of Banyan Tree Hotels and Resorts can be accredited to that management comprehended what the consumers value, built the Banyan Tree brand, and put that understanding into the application to form a truly distinguished consumer experience. As the corporation goes international, it faces the new-fangled possibilities, presented through increased funds, and new predicaments, for instance, demands enforced by shareholders. Banyan Tree Hotels, along with Resorts had unquestionably accomplished a distinguishing position within the sumptuous resort's business. One of the major predicaments, which lay at the forefront of the business, was the manner in which it could maintain its competitive advantage to preserve its marketplace position. Despite the fact that Banyan Tree took pleasure in a high-flying status amongst its competitors as soon as it initially started out, since then, there has been greater competition than before from different c ontenders offering comparable products, as well as services. The huge price gap within the lavish resort's market imply that customers who are from the middle-upper class are supposed to either draw out to make ultra deluxe resorts payments, for instance, Aman, or decide to be guests at resorts, nonetheless luxurious, accommodated to the masses of people. He found out that the business opening brought about by the gap within the resorts marketplace. This is because room existed for pricier resorts and additionally elite, which would accommodate the middle-upper class of individuals better. These customers had better spending influence compared to the average customer within the mass marketplace and would have the capacity to manage to pay for and ready to pay for an elite, premium service.